🌿 CHAPTER 5: LIFE PROCESSES
🔷 1. LIFE PROCESSES (जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ)
📘 Definition (English)
Life processes are the basic functions that maintain life in living organisms.
📕 परिभाषा (Hindi)
वे सभी आवश्यक क्रियाएँ जो जीवों के जीवन को बनाए रखती हैं, जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ कहलाती हैं।
📘 Even if no movement is seen, life exists (plants, sleeping animals)
📕 भले ही कोई गति दिखाई न दे, जीवन मौजूद होता है
🔸 Examples
Respiration (श्वसन)
Growth (विकास)
Excretion (उत्सर्जन)
🔷 2. MAINTENANCE PROCESSES (जीवन बनाए रखने की प्रक्रियाएँ)
Nutrition (पोषण)
Respiration (श्वसन)
Transportation (परिवहन)
Excretion (उत्सर्जन)
🥗 3. NUTRITION (पोषण)
📘 Definition
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for energy, growth and repair.
📕 परिभाषा
भोजन प्राप्त कर उसे ऊर्जा, वृद्धि और मरम्मत में उपयोग करना पोषण कहलाता है।
🔸 Importance (महत्व)
Energy supply (ऊर्जा)
Body growth (विकास)
Repair of tissues (मरम्मत)
🔸 Types of Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition (स्वपोषी पोषण)
📘 Definition
Organisms make their own food using sunlight.
📕 परिभाषा
जीव सूर्य के प्रकाश से स्वयं भोजन बनाते हैं।
🌿 PHOTOSYNTHESIS (प्रकाश संश्लेषण)
6CO_2 + 12H_2O \xrightarrow{\text{sunlight, chlorophyll}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 + 6H_2O
🔸 Steps of Photosynthesis
Absorption of light
Conversion into chemical energy
Formation of glucose
🔸 Raw Materials
| Material | Source |
|---|---|
| CO₂ | Air |
| Water | Soil |
| Sunlight | Sun |
| Chlorophyll | Leaves |
🔸 Stomata (रंध्र)
📘 Small pores for gas exchange
📕 गैसों के आदान-प्रदान के लिए छोटे छिद्र
👉 Controlled by guard cells
🔸 Experiment (Important)
👉 Starch test with iodine
👉 Leaf turns blue-black → starch present
🍖 3.2 Heterotrophic Nutrition (परपोषी पोषण)
📘 Definition
Organisms depend on others for food.
📕 परिभाषा
जो जीव दूसरों पर निर्भर रहते हैं।
🔸 Types
| Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Holozoic | Ingest & digest | Human |
| Saprophytic | Dead matter | Fungi |
| Parasitic | Living host | Cuscuta |
🍽️ 4. NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
🔸 Steps (चरण)
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
🔸 Digestive System Organs
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
🔸 Detailed Functions
🦷 Mouth
Teeth → chewing
Saliva (amylase) → starch digestion
🍲 Stomach
HCl → acidic medium
Pepsin → protein digestion
Mucus → protection
🧪 Small Intestine
Bile → fats digestion
Pancreatic juice → enzymes
Villi → absorption
🚽 Large Intestine
Water absorption
Waste storage
🌬️ 5. RESPIRATION (श्वसन)
📘 Definition
Respiration is the breakdown of food to release energy.
📕 परिभाषा
भोजन को तोड़कर ऊर्जा प्राप्त करना।
🔸 Types
1. Aerobic Respiration
Uses oxygen
More energy
2. Anaerobic Respiration
No oxygen
Less energy
🔸 Equation
C_6H_{12}O_6 + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + \text{Energy (ATP)}
🔸 Special Cases
👉 Yeast → alcohol fermentation
👉 Muscles → lactic acid
⚡ ATP Adenosine triphosphate
(Energy Currency)
📘 Definition
ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
📕 परिभाषा
ATP कोशिका की ऊर्जा मुद्रा है।
🔸 Function
Provides energy
Drives cellular work
🚚 6. TRANSPORTATION (परिवहन)
🔸 In Humans
Blood Components
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| RBC | Oxygen |
| WBC | Immunity |
| Platelets | Clotting |
🔸 Heart
Pumps blood
🔸 Blood Vessels
Arteries → away from heart
Veins → towards heart
🔸 In Plants
| Tissue | Function |
|---|---|
| Xylem | Water transport |
| Phloem | Food transport |
🚽 7. EXCRETION (उत्सर्जन)
📘 Definition
Removal of waste products.
📕 परिभाषा
अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को निकालना।
🔸 Human Excretory System
Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
🔸 Function
Filter blood
Form urine
🔸 In Plants
Through leaves
Through bark
🔥 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (Board Level)
Q1. Difference between autotrophic & heterotrophic
👉 Autotrophic → self food
👉 Heterotrophic → depends
Q2. Role of HCl
👉 Acidic medium
👉 Kills germs
Q3. Function of enzymes
👉 Break down food
Q4. Why villi important?
👉 Increase surface area
🎯 FINAL REVISION POINTS
Life processes = survival
Photosynthesis = food making
Respiration = energy
Transport = distribution
Excretion = waste removal
🧠 SMART MEMORY TRICK
👉 N R T E = Life
N → Nutrition
R → Respiration
T → Transport
E → Excretion
0 Comments